Text reads 'the science of reading & leveled readers' on a blue background.
Title of a scholarly article: 'Effective Instruction: The Intersection of Structured Literacy and Second-Language Acquisition for Multilingual Learners' by Maya Valencia Goodall, Marisa Gomez, and Dale W. Webster.

Dr. Moats:

“Researchers now estimate that 95 percent of all children can be taught to read by the end of first grade, with future achievement constrained* only by students’ reasoning and listening comprehension abilities.”

A colorful grid with animal names and pictures, crossed out with two red lines.
Comparison chart explaining the differences between decodeable and leveled readers, highlighting their focus and teaching methods.

So, what actually works?

Diagram of five columns with Greek columns and a triangular roof labeled "Pillars of Early Literacy" at the top. Each column has a label and icon at the bottom. The first column, in red, labeled "Phonemic Awareness," has an ear icon. The second, in orange, labeled "Phonics," has an apple icon. The third, in green, labeled "Fluency," has an open book icon. The fourth, in blue, labeled "Vocabulary," has a clipboard with the words "All the Words." The fifth, in purple, labeled "Comprehension," has a lightbulb icon.
A teacher reading a book to young students in a classroom with students raising hands.
Cover page of a guide titled 'Science of Reading: Defining Guide' with a purple background and a network diagram graphic in the top right corner.